Vol. 14. Núm. 28.
Páginas 1698-1711 (Marzo 2025)

Actualización
Inmunidad innata y adaptativa

Innate and adaptive immunity

A. Prieto MartínD. Díaz MartínL. Muñoz Zamarrón y J. Monserrat Sanz
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2025.03.015
Opciones
Resumen

Las respuestas inmunes se dividen en innatas y adaptativas. La inmunidad innata es rápida y no específica, actuando contra un amplio espectro de patógenos utilizando receptores que reconocen patrones moleculares asociados a patógenos (PAMP) o a daño en los tejidos (DAMP). La inmunidad adaptativa reconoce antígenos-específicos mediante un repertorio diverso de linfocitos T y B antígeno-específicos. Este sistema requiere tiempo para que las células antígeno-específicas se activen y proliferen. Esta respuesta genera clones de células efectoras y memoria que permiten una respuesta potente, eficaz, rápida y específica en futuras exposiciones al mismo patógeno. La interacción entre ambos sistemas es esencial para la defensa eficiente del organismo. Las células presentadoras de antígenos del sistema innato informan a las células adaptativas sobre la naturaleza de los patógenos detectados y polarizan la respuesta adaptativa para que sea más eficaz contra el tipo de patógeno al que se enfrenta. La inmunidad innata puede generar una memoria entrenada que mejora su respuesta en exposiciones posteriores.

Palabras clave
Inmunidad innata
Inmunidad adaptativa
PAMP
DAMP
Memoria inmunológica
Respuesta inflamatoria
Abstract

Immune responses are divided into innate and adaptive. Innate immunity is rapid and non-specific, acting against a broad spectrum of pathogens using receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Adaptive immunity recognizes specific antigens through a diverse repertoire of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes. This system requires time for antigen-specific cells to activate and proliferate. This response generates effector and memory T cell clones that enable a potent, effective, rapid, and specific response in future exposures to the same pathogen. The interaction between both systems is essential for the efficient defense of the organism. The antigen-presenting cells of the innate system inform the adaptive cells about the nature of the pathogens detected and polarize the adaptive response so that it is more effective against the type of pathogen being confronted. Innate immunity can generate a trained memory that enhances its response to subsequent exposures.

Keywords
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
PAMP
DAMP
Immunological memory
Inflammatory response

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