Vol. 12. Núm. 91.
Páginas 5352-5363 (Noviembre 2019)

Actualización
Patología neoplásica de la vía aerodigestiva superior

Upper aerodigestive tract cancers

F.J. GamboaabF. García-AlcántaraaA. CortezaT. Rivera-Rodríguezabc
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2019.11.022
Opciones
Resumen

Los tumores malignos de la vía aerodigestiva superior representan el 5% de los cánceres de organismo. La inmensa mayoría (95%) son carcinomas epidermoides, con síntomas iniciales inespecíficos. Los carcinógenos más frecuentemente implicados son el tabaco y el alcohol que tienen efecto sinérgico. La infección por algunos serotipos de VPH se relaciona con cáncer de orofaringe. El factor que más influye en la supervivencia es la estadificación TNM, por lo que el diagnóstico precoz es clave para mejorar los resultados funcionales y el control de la enfermedad. En estadios iniciales se consiguen tasas de supervivencia a 5 años de entre el 70-90%, utilizando una sola modalidad terapéutica y, en general, con escaso precio funcional. Los estadios avanzados suelen requerir tratamientos combinados y asocian mayor morbilidad y mortalidad a corto y largo plazo. El seguimiento clínico y radiológico es fundamental para detectar recidivas tratables y posibles segundos tumores.

Palabras clave
Vía aerodigestiva
Carcinoma epidermoide
Masa cervical
Abstract

Cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract constitute approximately 5% of all malignancies. Epidermoid carcinomas accounted for 95% of the cancers, with nonspecific initial symptoms. Tobacco and alcohol abuse are the most common carcinogens acting synergistically. HPV serotype are involved in oropharyngeal cancer. TNM staging is the main factor for survival; so, to improve functional outcomes and disease control early diagnosis is key. In initial stages, 5-year survival rates of 70-90% are achieved using a single therapeutic modality and, in general, with a low functional price. Combined treatments are necessary in advanced stages (morbidity and mortality rates in the short and long term are higher). In order to detect treatable recurrences and possible second tumors, clinical and radiological follow-up is crucial.

Keywords
Aeodigestive airway
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cervical mass

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