Vol. 13. Núm. 50.
Páginas 2927-2936 (Marzo 2022)

Infecciones por Listeria, Corynebacterium y Bacillus

Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Bacillus infections

S. de la Fuente MoralabcA. Díaz de SantiagoabcJ. Calderón-Parraabc
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2022.02.022
Opciones
Resumen

Listeria, Corynebacterium y Bacillus son bacilos grampositivos aerobios ubicuos. L. monocytogenes es un patógeno zoonótico y transmitido por los alimentos. La listeriosis en una enfermedad con un amplio espectro de gravedad que va desde una gastroenteritis febril autolimitada hasta una enfermedad invasiva grave, con frecuente afectación del sistema nervioso central, que afecta predominantemente a personas con algún grado de inmunosupresión celular. Tiene predilección por mujeres embarazadas, en las que no suele producir enfermedad grave, pero en las que se asocia a graves complicaciones obstétricas y a altas tasas de morbimortalidad neonatal. C. difteriae es el agente causal de la difteria cutánea o de las vías respiratorias, con potenciales complicaciones cardíacas y neurológicas, mediadas por la toxina diftérica. El resto de las especies de Corynebacterium han sido consideradas tradicionalmente saprófitas, aunque en las últimas décadas se han descrito varias de ellas como causantes de infecciones oportunistas. B. anthracis produce carbunco o ántrax cutáneo, respiratorio o gastrointestinal, según la vía de entrada de las esporas, que son capaces de germinar en formas multiplicativas y generar toxinas, responsables de la enfermedad, estando considerado como uno de los potenciales agentes de bioterrorismo por su elevada letalidad.

Palabras clave
Listeriosis
Meningoencefalitis
Difteria
Carbunco
Abstract

Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Bacillus are ubiquitous gram-positive bacilli. L. monocytogenes is a zoonotic pathogen that is transmitted by food. Listeriosis is a disease with a wide spectrum of severity that ranges from self-limiting febrile gastroenteritis to severe invasive disease with frequent involvement of the central nervous system. It predominantly affects people with some degree of cellular immunosuppression. It has a predilection for pregnant women, in whom it does not tend to produce severe disease, but is associated with severe obstetric complications and high rates of neonatal morbidity and mortality. C. diphtheriae is the causal agent of cutaneous or respiratory tract diphtheria, with potential cardiac or neurological complications mediated by the diphtheria toxin. The rest of the Corynebacterium species have traditionally been considered saprobionts, although various species have been described as the causal agents of opportunistic infections in recent decades. B. anthracis produces cutaneous, respiratory, or gastrointestinal anthrax, according to the spores’ route of entry. The spores are capable of germinating and multiplying, generating the toxin that is responsible for the disease. It is considered a potential bioterrorism agent for its high degree of lethality.

Keywords
Listeriosis
Meningoencephalitis
Diphtheria
Anthrax

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