Vol. 14. Núm. 30.
Páginas 1816-1829 (Abril 2025)

Actualización
Esclerosis sistémica

Systemic sclerosis

C. Sieiro SantosM. Retuerto GuerreroI. González FernándezE. Díez Álvarez
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2025.04.013
Opciones
Resumen

La esclerosis sistémica (ES), también conocida como esclerodermia, es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica compleja caracterizada por una fibrosis progresiva de la piel y de los órganos internos. Su etiología permanece desconocida, aunque su patogenia involucra una interacción multifactorial entre predisposición genética, factores ambientales y tres procesos clave: daño vascular, disfunción inmunológica y fibrosis. Predomina en mujeres, especialmente en la mediana edad, y se clasifica en dos subtipos principales según la extensión de la afectación cutánea: limitada y difusa. Es una enfermedad notablemente heterogénea, con un espectro clínico que abarca desde formas leves y estables hasta presentaciones graves con rápida progresión. Entre sus manifestaciones más características destacan el fenómeno de Raynaud, la afectación gastrointestinal (especialmente esofágica), la hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP), la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial (EPID), las alteraciones musculoesqueléticas y las complicaciones cardíacas.

Esta revisión profundizará en las principales manifestaciones clínicas de la ES, los criterios diagnósticos actuales y los avances recientes en su manejo terapéutico.

Palabras clave
Esclerosis sistémica
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
Abstract

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Its etiology remains unknown, although its pathogenesis involves a multifactorial interaction between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and three key processes: vascular damage, immune dysfunction, and fibrosis. It is more common in women, especially in middle age, and is classified into two main subtypes according to the extent of cutaneous involvement: limited and diffuse. It is a remarkably heterogeneous disease, with a clinical spectrum ranging from mild, stable forms to severe presentations with rapid progression. Among its most characteristic manifestations are Raynaud's phenomenon, gastrointestinal involvement (especially esophageal), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), interstitial lung disease (ILD), musculoskeletal abnormalities, and cardiac complications.

This review will delve into the main clinical manifestations of SSc, current diagnostic criteria, and recent advances in its therapeutic management.

Keywords
Systemic sclerosis
Diagnosis
Treatment

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