Vol. 13. Núm. 16.
Páginas 911-923 (Septiembre 2020)

Actualización
Neuropatía diabética

Diabetic neuropathy

L. Cobos-PalaciosA. López SampaloM.D. López Carmona
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2020.09.013
Opciones
Resumen

La neuropatía diabética (ND) es una de las formas más frecuentes de afectación microvascular de los pacientes diabéticos. Es un conjunto heterogéneo de formas clínicas con diversas manifestaciones. Las complicaciones se relacionan con el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes y el grado de hiperglucemia. Su sintomatología puede pasar desapercibida durante años, de manera que su detección recaerá en el profesional que evalúe al paciente. La ND posee varias formas clínicas que incluyen: polineuropatía simétrica distal, neuropatía autonómica, radiculopatía amioatrófica, mononeuropatía simple y mononeuropatía múltiple. La polineuropatía sensitiva simétrica es la presentación más habitual, caracterizada por una pérdida gradual de la sensibilidad distal y de la propiocepción articular y por un ascenso del umbral del dolor que puede contribuir a la aparición de complicaciones como la formación de úlceras, alteraciones musculares o la deformidad de Charcot. Su cribado debe realizarse en el momento del diagnóstico en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2 y a los 5 años del diagnóstico de la DM tipo 1, siendo revaluados anualmente. El control glucémico adecuado parece disminuir la prevalencia en pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 y enlentecer la progresión, pero sin evitar la pérdida neuronal en los diabéticos tipo 2. El resto de las medidas terapéuticas aportan control sintomático con resultados variables.

Palabras clave
Diabetes
Polineuropatía
Neuropatía autónoma
Pie diabético
Abstract

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the commonest microvascular complication of diabetic patient. It is a heterogeneous group of disorders with distinct clinical features. Complications are proportional to both the magnitude and duration of hyperglycemia. Because symptomatology may go unnoticed for years, a good assessment will facilitate its detection. DN may manifest in several different forms: distal symmetric polyneuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, amyotrophic radiculopathy, mononeuropathy simplex and multiplex. Sensorimotor distal symmetric polyneuropathy is the most common form of neuropathy in diabetes. Typically, patients experience gradual distal numbness and joint proprioception and an increase in the pain threshold, triggering complications such as ulcers, muscle disorders or Charcot deformity. DN screening has to be performed in the moment of diagnosis (type 2 diabetes mellitus –DM–), and 5 years after diagnosis (type 1 DM); revaluation must be annual. In type 1 diabetic patients, glycemic control reduces the prevalence of DN and delay its progression; however, in type 2 neuronal loss cannot be avoided. Remaining therapeutic options are symptomatic with variable results.

Keywords
Diabetes
Polyneuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy
Diabetic foot

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