Vol. 13. Núm. 35.
Páginas 2037-2044 (Junio 2021)

Actualización
Insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección ventricular preservada

Heart failure with preserved ventricular ejection fraction

M.C. Amores LuqueJ.D. Sánchez VegaG.L. Alonso SalinasJ.L. Zamorano Gómez
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2021.06.004
Opciones
Resumen

La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo preservada (FEVIp) constituye una causa importante de morbimortalidad en nuestro medio, y su prevalencia está aumentando a causa del envejecimiento de la población y del aumento de las comorbilidades, con influencia sobre el sistema cardiovascular. Las tasas de mortalidad son cercanas a las de los pacientes con IC y fracción de eyección reducida (FEVIr). La disfunción diastólica por aumento de la rigidez miocárdica constituye la base de esta entidad, al producirse una transmisión retrógrada de las presiones de llenado al circuito vascular pulmonar y a las cámaras derechas. A nivel molecular, se ha descrito un aumento del estado proinflamatorio y protrombótico como origen del problema. El diagnóstico supone un auténtico reto y no existe un único método validado, habiéndose propuesto varias tablas de puntuación en base a hallazgos clínicos, analíticos, ecocardiográficos y de medición invasiva de la presión diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo. No existe ningún fármaco que haya demostrado mejorías en la supervivencia o en la disminución de la tasa de ingresos por IC. El tratamiento se centra en la mejoría de la capacidad funcional y de la calidad de vida, incidiendo en el manejo de las comorbilidades y del estado de volemia.

Palabras clave
Insuficiencia cardíaca
Fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda preservada
Disfunción diastólica
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
Abstract

Heart failure (HF) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (PLVEF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our setting, and its prevalence is rising due to the ageing population and increased comorbidities that impact the cardiovascular system. Mortality rates are close to those of patients with reduced ejection fraction (rLVEF). Diastolic dysfunction due to increased myocardial stiffness is the basis of this condition, as there is retrograde transmission of filling pressures to the pulmonary vascular circuit and right chambers. An increased proinflammatory and prothrombotic state has been described as the origin of the problem at the molecular level. Diagnosis is very challenging, and there is no single validated method, several score tables have been proposed based on clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic findings, and invasive measurement of the left ventricle diastolic pressure. No drug has been shown to improve survival or decrease the rate of admissions due to HF. Treatment focusses on improving functional capacity and quality of life, with emphasis on the management of comorbidities and blood volume status.

Keywords
Heart failure
Preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
Diastolic dysfunction
Diagnosis
Treatment

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