Vol. 12. Núm. 88.
Páginas 5147-5154 (Octubre 2019)

Disnea aguda

E. BarberoI. GuerassimovaS. Díaz Lobato
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2019.10.010
Opciones
Resumen

El término disnea denomina una sensación subjetiva de dificultad respiratoria. Por su etiopatogenia se di- vide en dos grupos: respiratoria y cardiovascular. En ambos casos, realizaremos una valoración clínica exhaustiva del paciente. Primero hay que evaluar la gravedad del cuadro mediante la detección de los signos y síntomas de alarma. A continuación, es preciso valorar la necesidad de oxigenoterapia median- te pulsioximetría o gasometría arterial. Posteriormente, una vez garantizada la estabilidad del paciente, debemos proceder a realizar una historia clínica detallada y un examen físico completo. Una vez realiza- das, debemos solicitar las pruebas complementarias pertinentes para esclarecer la causa de la disnea. Ante una disnea aguda debemos pensar en las posibles causas de la misma. Si se trata de una disnea de origen respiratorio debemos pensar en una neumonía, agudización de EPOC, agudización asmática, trom- boembolia pulmonar, derrame pleural, neumotórax, hemorragia alveolar, presencia de un cuerpo extraño o agudización de una enfermedad intersticial difusa. En caso de que todos los datos orienten a un origen cardíaco, podría ser secundaria a una insuficiencia cardíaca, un síndrome coronario agudo, una arritmia o un taponamiento cardíaco. También la disnea puede ser debida a alguna patología en la vía aérea su- perior, como por la presencia de angioedema, anafilaxia o infección cervicales; o puede ser de otro ori- gen como secundaria a enfermedades neuromusculares, obesidad o ansiedad.

Palabras clave
Disnea
Respiratorio
Cardiovascular
Abstract

Acute dyspnea Dyspnea is a term used to characterize a subjective experience of breathing discomfort. According with its etiology it is classified in: respiratory and cardiovascular dyspnea. Both types require deeply clinical examination. Severity has to be assessed in first place, identifying warning signs and symptoms. Then, oxygen therapy would be evaluated using pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas. Once patient stability is guaranteed, detailed clinical history and complete physical examination have to be carried out. Afterwards, complementary tests must be requested in order to clarify the causes. Facing an acute dyspnea, the most common causes have to be taking into account; in case of respiratory dyspnea these are: pneumonia, COPD exacerbation, asthmatic exacerbation, pulmonary thromboembolism, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, alveolar hemorrhage, presence of a foreign body or exacerbation of diffuse interstitial disease. If cardiovascular dyspnea is suspected, it might be secondary to heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia or cardiac tamponade. Other causes of dyspnea may be related with upper airway disease produced by angioedema, anaphylaxis or cervical infection, or be secondary to neuromuscular diseases, obesity or anxiety.

Keywords
Dyspnea
Respiratory
Cardiovascular

Identifíquese

¿Aún no es suscriptor de la revista?

Comprar el acceso al artículo

Comprando el artículo el pdf del mismo podrá ser descargado

Teléfono para incidencias

De lunes a viernes de 9h a 18h (GMT+1) excepto los meses de julio y agosto que será de 9 a 15h

Llamadas desde España 932 415 960
Llamadas desde fuera de España +34 932 415 960
Bibliografía
[1]
Campbell EJM, Howell JBL.
201911080712242418
201911080712242419
The sensation of breathlessness. Br Med Bull. 196;19:36-40.
[2]
M
2019110807122424110
2019110807122424111
.B. Parshall, R.M. Schwartzstein, L. Adams, R.B. Banzett, H.L. Man- ning, J. Bourbeau, et al.
An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and manage- ment of dyspnea.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., (2012), 185 pp. 435-452
[3]
J
2019110807122424112
2019110807122424113
.L. Álvarez-Sala Walther, P. Casan Clarà, F. Rodríguez de Castro, J.L. Rodríguez Hermosa, V. Villena Garrido.
Neumología clínica.
2.ed, Elsevier España S.L, (2017),
[4]
P.M. Simon, R.
2019110807122424114
M. Schwartzstein, J.W. Weiss, K. Lahive, V. Fencl, M. Teghts-oonian, et al.
Distinguishable sensations of breathlessness induced in.normal volunteers.
Am Rev Respir Dis., (1989), 140 pp. 1021-1027
[5]
R.B. Banzett, R.
2019110807122424115
W. Lansing, M.B. Reid, L. Adams, R. Brown.
‘Air hunger’ arising from increased PCO2 in mechanically ventilated quadriplegics.
Respir Physiol., (1989), 76 pp. 53-67
[6]
T. Brack, A. Jubran, M.
2019110807122424116
J. Tobin.
Dyspnea and decreased variability of breathing in patients with restrictive lung disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care. Med., (2002), 165 pp. 1260-1264
[7]
P.M. Simon, R.
2019110807122424117
M. Schwartzstein, J.W. Weiss, V. Fencl, M. Teghtsoonian, S.E. Weinberger.
Distinguishable types of dyspnea in patients with short-ness of breath.
Am Rev Respir Dis., (1990), 142 pp. 1009-1014
[8]
D.E. O’Donnell, J.
2019110807122424118
C. Bertley, L.K. Chau, K.A. Webb.
Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., (1997), 155 pp. 109-115
[9]
K.J. Killian, S.
2019110807122424119
C. Gandevia, E. Summers, E.J. Campbell.
Effect of increased lung volume on perception of breathlessness, effort, and tension.
J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol., (1984), 57 pp. 686-691
[10]
Writing committee members,
2019110807122424120
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH et al., 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardio- logy Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128(16):e240-327.
[11]
A.L.
2019110807122424121
Clark, M. Piepoli, A.J. Coats.
Skeletal muscle and the control of venti- lation on exercise: evidence for metabolic receptors.
Eur J Clin Invest., (1995), 25 pp. 299-305
[12]
A. Clark, M
2019110807122424122
. Volterrani, J.W. Swan, D. Hue, J. Hooper, A.J. Coats.
Leg blood flow, metabolism and exercise capacity in chronic stable heart failure.
Int. J Cardiol., (1996), 55 pp. 127-135
[13]
K.J. Killian, P. Leblanc, D.
2019110807122424123
H. Martin, E. Summers, N.L. Jones, E.J. Campbell.
Exercise capacity and ventilatory, circulatory, and symptom limitation in patients with chronic airflow limitation.Am Rev Respir Dis., (1992), 146 pp. 935-940
[14]
F. Aguilar, O.
2019110807122424124
Bisbal, C. Gómez, M. de Lagarde, G. Maestro, M.A. Pérez Jacoiste, et al.
Manual de diagnóstico y terapéutica médica. Hospital univer-sitario 12 de Octubre.
7 ed, MSD, (2014),
[15]
P. Sood, G.
2019110807122424125
Paul, S. Puri.
Interpretation of arterial blood gas.
Indian J Crit Care Med., (2010), 14 pp. 57-64
[16]
C.M. Fletcher, P.C. Elmes, C.H.
2019110807122424126
Wood.
Thesignificanceof respiratory symp- toms and the diagnosis of chromic bronchitis in a working population.
[17]
The Criteria Committee of the New
2019110807122424127
2019110807122424128
York Heart Association. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of diseases of the heart and great vessels (9a ed.). Boston: Little, Brown & Co; 1994;253-6.
[18]
J.D. Leuppi, T
2019110807122424129
. Dieterle, G. Koch, B. Martina, M. Tamm, A.P. Perruchoud, et al.
Diagnostic value of lung auscultation in an emergency room setting Swiss Med Wkly., (2005), 135 pp. 520-524
[19]
A. Surós, J
2019110807122424130
. Surós.
Semiología medica y tecnica exploratoria.
8a ed, Elsevier, (2001),
[20]
O. Nishiyama, H. Taniguchi, Y
2019110807122424131
. Kondoh, T. Kimura, K. Kato, K. Kataoka, et al.
A simple assessment of dyspnoea as a prognostic indicator in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Eur Respir J., (2010), 36 pp. 1067-1072
[21]
M. Santos, D.
2019110807122424132
W. Kitzman, K. Matsushita, L. Loehr, C.A. Sueta, A.M. Shah.
Prognostic importance of dyspnea for cardiovascular outcomes and mor-tality in persons without prevalent cardiopulmonary disease: the atheros- clerosis risk in communities study.
PLoS One., (2016), 11 pp. e0165111
[22]
S. Díaz Lobato,
2019110807122424133
2019110807122424134
F. León.
Oxigenoterapia y ventilación mecánica no invasiva.
Protocolos asistenciales para urgencias neumológicas., 1 ed, S&H Me- dical Science Service, pp. 81-88