Resumen
La cronobiología es la disciplina que investiga cómo los procesos biológicos se estructuran en ciclos temporales en respuesta a variaciones ambientales, como los ritmos circadianos, ultradianos e infradianos. A pesar de que la investigación ha dado mayor atención a los ritmos circadianos, los ritmos ultradianos e infradianos también son clave para una comprensión integral de la cronobiología. Los ritmos ultradianos, con ciclos de menos de 24 horas, suelen ser mecanismos anticipatorios que responden ante perturbaciones impredecibles, entre las que destacan los ritmos circahorales (ciclos de entre 20 minutos y 2 horas) y circatidales (de aproximadamente 12 horas). Los ritmos infradianos abarcan ciclos mayores a un día, destacando los ritmos circaseptales (de aproximadamente 7 días), circalunares (28-32 días) y estacionales o circanuales (regulados por procesos temporales asociados a las estaciones del año). La implicación de estos ritmos en diversos procesos fisiológicos y patológicos ha sido también demostrada, apoyando, por tanto, la relevancia de considerar a ambos como un elemento de estudio en el área de la cronobiología. Por otro lado, la cronomedicina es un área traslacional en expansión que trata de aplicar el conocimiento básico de la cronobiología a la práctica clínica, influyendo en el manejo del sueño y en el abordaje farmacológico y no farmacológico de diversas patologías. En esta segunda parte, se detallará la relevancia de los ritmos ultradianos e infradianos en la salud y la enfermedad, describiendo igualmente los mecanismos subyacentes a estos ritmos biológicos. Además, se discutirá cómo el conocimiento de estos ritmos y de los ritmos circadianos puede ser aplicado en el ámbito médico, explorando posibles enfoques traslacionales basados en la cronobiología para el tratamiento y el manejo de enfermedades, destacando también las intervenciones basadas en el estilo de vida o especificidades asociadas al ciclo menstrual de la mujer.
Palabras clave
Eventos ultradianos episódicos
Ritmos infradianos
Cronomedicina
Medicina del estilo de vida
Abstract
Chronobiology is a discipline that investigates how biological processes are structured in time cycles in response to environmental variations, including circadian, ultradian, and infradian rhythms. Despite the fact that research has paid more attention to circadian rhythms, ultradian and infradian rhythms are also key to a comprehensive understanding of chronobiology. Ultradian rhythms, with cycles of less than 24hours, tend to be anticipatory mechanisms that respond to unpredictable disturbances, notable among which are circahoral rhythms (cycles between 20minutes and 2hours) and circatidal rhythms (approximately 12hours). Infradian rhythms include cycles greater than one day, notable among which are circaseptal rhythms (approximately 7 days), circalunar rhythms (28 – 32 days), and seasonal or circannual rhythms (regulated by temporal processes associated with the seasons of the year). The involvement of these rhythms in different physiological and pathological processes has also been demonstrated, thus supporting the relevance of considering both as an element of study in the area of chronobiology. On the other hand, chronomedicine is a translational area that is in expansion. It attempts to apply a basic knowledge of chronobiology to clinical practice, influencing sleep management and the pharmacological and non-pharmacological approach to different diseases. This second part will describe the relevance of ultradian and infradian rhythms in health and disease. It will also describe the underlying mechanisms of these biological rhythms. In addition, it will discuss how the knowledge of these rhythms and of circadian rhythms can be applied in the medical setting, exploring possible translational focuses based on chronobiology for the treatment and management of diseases. It will also highlight lifestyle-based interventions or specific aspects associated with women's menstrual cycles.
Keywords
Episodic ultradian events
Infradian rhythms
Chronomedicine
Lifestyle medicine
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