Vol. 13. Núm. 19.
Páginas 1083-1093 (Octubre 2020)

Actualización
Actualización sobre el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico del feocromocitoma y el paraganglioma

Diagnostic and therapeutic management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an update

I. Mateo-GaviraaG. Baena-NietobL. García García-DoncelbI.M. Torres-Bareac
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2020.10.013
Opciones
Resumen

Los feocromocitomas y paragangliomas son tumores productores de catecolaminas que proceden de las células cromafines del sistema nervioso simpático de la médula adrenal o del tejido cromafín extraadrenal, respectivamente. Pueden ser esporádicos o encontrarse asociados a enfermedades genéticas hasta en un 30% de los casos. El diagnóstico de feocromocitoma debe establecerse mediante la confirmación bioquímica de la elevación de metanefrinas plasmáticas y/o urinarias, mientras que el diagnóstico de localización inicial se realiza mediante tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética. La gammagrafía con 123I-metayodobencilguanidina (MIBG) y la tomografía por emisión de positrones con 18F-FDG o 68Ga-DOTATE pueden ser útiles en el feocromocitoma metastásico. La resección quirúrgica es el tratamiento de elección para los feocromocitomas y paragangliomas, siendo la única opción curativa en estos pacientes y esencial la correcta preparación preoperatoria para disminuir la morbimortalidad. El feocromocitoma maligno es una entidad poco frecuente que solo puede diagnosticarse tras la presencia de metástasis. No existe un tratamiento curativo eficaz y el pronóstico está determinado por la predisposición genética, desarrollo tumoral, progresión de la enfermedad y localización de las metástasis.

Palabras clave
Feocromocitoma
Paraganglioma
Metanefrinas
Abstract

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are catecholamine-producing tumours originating from chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue, respectively. They can be sporadic or be associated with genetic diseases in up to 30% of cases. Biochemical confirmation of the elevation of plasma and/or urinary metanephrines will establish the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, whereas computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is used for the initial location diagnosis. In metastatic pheochromocytoma, 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy and 18F-FDG or 68Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography may be helpful. Surgical resection, the only curative option in these patients, is the treatment of choice for pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas being correct preoperative preparation essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Malignant pheochromocytoma is a rare entity that can only be diagnosed when metastases are present. There is no effective curative treatment; genetic predisposition, tumor development, disease progression and location of metastases will determine its prognosis.

Keywords
Pheocromocytoma
Paraganglioma
Metanephrines

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