Vol. 13. Núm. 34.
Páginas 1954-1964 (Mayo 2021)

Actualización
Vasculitis de mediano vaso. Vasculitis necrotizantes sistémicas. Panarteritis nudosa. Vasculitis ANCA positivas

Medium vessel vasculitis. Systemic necrotising vasculitis. Polyarteritis nodosa. ANCA-positive vasculitis

R. Solans LaquéF. Martínez ValleJ. Mestre Torres
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2021.05.008
Opciones
Resumen

Las vasculitis necrotizantes sistémicas son enfermedades inflamatorias de etiología desconocida, potencialmente graves, que cursan con inflamación destructiva de la pared vascular, y afectan principalmente a vasos de mediano y pequeño calibre. Sus síntomas varían dependiendo del tamaño y localización de los vasos afectados. Sin tratamiento se asocian con una elevada morbimortalidad. La inflamación de la pared vascular causa obstrucción de la luz del vaso con isquemia y necrosis de los tejidos que irriga. Sospechamos su presencia cuando se afectan de forma simultánea o consecutiva varios sistemas orgánicos, ante un síndrome febril prolongado o un síndrome tóxico no explicado, ante manifestaciones isquémicas (úlceras cutáneas, isquemia digital) u otras manifestaciones clínicas poco usuales (mononeuritis múltiple, infiltrados o nódulos pulmonares).

Cuando se sospecha una vasculitis se debe realizar una historia clínica detallada. Analíticamente suelen existir alteraciones inespecíficas (anemia, elevación de la VSG y proteína C reactiva) que pueden ser muy llamativas, pero no permiten diferenciar las vasculitis de otros procesos inflamatorios o proliferativos y, a menudo, insuficiencia renal. El tratamiento se basa en la administración de glucocorticoides, asociados o no a fármacos inmunosupresores y/o terapia biológica, en función de su extensión y gravedad.

Palabras clave
PAN
Poliangitis microscópica
Granulomatosis con poliangitis
Granulomatosis eosinofílica con poliangitis
Abstract

Systemic necrotising vasculitis is a group of potentially serious inflammatory diseases of unknown aetiology, involving destructive inflammation of the vascular wall and mainly affecting the small and medium-sized vessels. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the affected vessels. Untreated, they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Inflammation of the vascular wall causes obstruction of the vessel lumen with ischaemia and necrosis of the tissues it irrigates. We suspect the condition when several organ systems are affected simultaneously or consecutively, in the presence of a prolonged febrile syndrome or an unexplained toxic syndrome, ischaemic manifestations (skin ulcers, digital ischaemia) or other unusual clinical manifestations (mononeuritis multiplex, pulmonary infiltrates or nodules).

When vasculitis is suspected, a detailed clinical history should be taken. In terms of laboratory tests, there are usually non-specific findings (anaemia, elevated ESR and C-reactive protein) that can be very striking, but do not differentiate vasculitis from other inflammatory or proliferative processes or, in many cases, renal failure. Treatment is based on the administration of glucocorticoids, combined or otherwise with immunosuppressive drugs and/or biological therapy, depending on its extent and severity.

Keywords
PAN
Microscopic polyangiitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

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