Vol. 13. Núm. 40.
Páginas 2313-2321 (Octubre 2021)

Actualización
Valvulopatía tricúspide y valvulopatía pulmonar

Tricuspid valve disease and pulmonary valve disease

P. Remior PérezD. García RodríguezF. Hernández TerciadoM. Cobo Marcos
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2021.09.003
Opciones
Resumen

Las valvulopatías derechas han ocupado tradicionalmente un lugar secundario en el manejo de la patología valvular, por presentar un mayor tiempo de latencia asintomático y ser consideradas «benignas». Los avances recientes, especialmente en el caso de la insuficiencia tricúspide, han aumentado el interés en un diagnóstico más temprano y un tratamiento eficaz que permita modificar la historia natural de la enfermedad. La etiología puede ser congénita o adquirida. En el caso de las insuficiencias (pulmonar y tricúspide), la causa más frecuente es la funcional, secundaria a la dilatación del ventrículo derecho o de la arteria pulmonar, respectivamente. En la estenosis tricúspide, la etiología más prevalente es la reumática y en la estenosis pulmonar la congénita. Predomina la clínica de insuficiencia cardíaca derecha retrógrada, caracterizada por la congestión sistémica venosa (edema en miembros inferiores, ascitis, hepatoesplenomegalia) y la anterógrada en forma de bajo gasto (disnea fundamentalmente). La congestión pulmonar no es frecuente y aparece en casos de afectación concomitante izquierda. El diagnóstico se basa en el ecocardiograma, que permite analizar la anatomía valvular y el grado de severidad. El tratamiento quirúrgico se reserva para casos resistentes al tratamiento médico (diuréticos), siendo el tratamiento percutáneo una alternativa en casos seleccionados.

Palabras clave
Estenosis
Insuficiencia
Tricúspide
Pulmonar
Abstract

Right-sided valve diseases have traditionally taken a secondary place in the management of valve disease, as they have a longer asymptomatic latency time and are considered “benign”. Recent advances, especially in tricuspid valve regurgitation, have increased the interest in earlier diagnosis and effective treatment to change the natural history of the disease. The aetiology can be congenital or acquired. The most common cause of pulmonary and tricuspid valve regurgitation is functional, secondary to dilatation of the right ventricle or pulmonary artery, respectively. The most prevalent aetiology is rheumatic in tricuspid valve stenosis, and congenital in pulmonary valve stenosis. Retrograde right heart failure symptoms predominate, characterised by systemic venous congestion (oedema in the lower limbs, ascites, hepatosplenomegaly) and anterograde congestion in the form of low output (fundamentally dyspnoea). Pulmonary congestion is rare and appears in cases of concomitant left-sided involvement. Diagnosis is based on echocardiography, which enables study of the valve anatomy and degree of severity. Surgical treatment is reserved for cases that are resistant to medical treatment (diuretics), and percutaneous treatment is an alternative in selected cases.

Keywords
Stenosis
Regurgitation
Tricuspid
Pulmonary

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