Vol. 12. Núm. 70.
Páginas 4075-4084 (Enero 2019)

Actualización
Enfermedades cerebrovasculares. Hemorragia cerebral

Cerebrovascular disorders. Brain hemorrhage

P. Irimia SieiraI. EsparragosaR. ValentíE. Martínez-Vila
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2019.01.001
Opciones
Resumen

La hemorragia intracerebral (HIC) representa un 20% de todos los ictus, y se produce por la extravasación de sangre dentro del parénquima encefálico, producida por la ruptura de un vaso sanguíneo. Las causas más frecuentes son las denominadas primarias, en las que la pared de los vasos se debilita por la hipertensión art erial crónica o por causas degenerativas como la angiopatía amiloide. Las causas secundarias incluyen las malformaciones vasculares, tumores o hemorragias inducidas por fármacos y drogas de abuso. Los factores de riesgo más relevantes para padecer una HIC son hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo y consumo excesivo de alcohol y drogas. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la HIC están en función de la localización del sangrado y del volumen del hematoma. El diagnóstico requiere la realización de una TC o RM cerebral para distinguir la HIC de una lesión isquémica u otras lesiones estructurales. La localización del sangrado y la presencia de microhemorragias (solo visibles en RM) permiten establecer la causa más probable del sangrado. Estos pacientes deben ser atendidos en un hospital con unidad de ictus y su tratamiento es médico, limitándose la cirugía a un reducido y seleccionado número de casos.

Palabras clave
Hemorragia intracerebral
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 20% of all strokes; caused by the collection of blood within the cerebral parenchyma as the result of vascular rupture. Taking into account its etiology, primary hemorrhages are the most common and are caused by the vascular wall weakness as a result of chronic arterial hypertension or due to degenerative processes as amyloid angiopathy. Secondary causes include arteriovenous malformations, tumors, hemorrhages induced by drugs and substance abuse. The most important risk factors for developing ICH are arterial hypertension, smoking, substance abuse (alcohol and drugs). Hemorrhage location and bleeding volume determine clinical manifestations. In order to distinguish between ICH and other ischemic or structural lesions, both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used for the diagnosis. To determine the most likely bleed cause, bleed location and microbleed detection (only detected by MRI) are necessary. Treatment for patients with ICH is fundamentally medical, and they must be cared for in a hospital with stroke unit. Surgical treatment is only recommended for a reduced number of carefully selected cases.

Keywords
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Diagnosis
Treatment

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