Vol. 13. Núm. 74.
Páginas 4360-4371 (Marzo 2023)

Enfermedad de Alzheimer

Alzheimer's disease

M.S. Manzano PalomoaM.A. Zea Sevillab
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2023.03.002
Opciones
Resumen

La demencia es un síndrome clínico que se caracteriza por un deterioro de las funciones mentales superiores respecto a un nivel previo. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) constituye su principal causa. La evaluación cognitiva de un deterioro cognitivo comienza desde la anamnesis. Hay síntomas de alarma que nos deben alertar para realizar una exploración cognitiva más amplia y dirigida. La presentación amnésica típica se observa en el 70% de los casos y está caracterizada por una disfunción de la memoria episódica de evocación para hechos recientes, debido a la precoz e intensa alteración medial temporal. Desde el inicio de la conceptualización de la EA y el uso de criterios diagnósticos, estos se han basado exclusivamente en aspectos clínicos con una confirmación histopatológica implícita del proceso. Sin embargo, desde el siglo XXI, el desarrollo de biomarcadores y su incorporación a los criterios diagnósticos ha incrementado significativamente la capacidad del neurólogo de aproximarse al diagnóstico etiológico, convirtiéndolo en clínico-biológicos y, por tanto, incrementando la precisión in vivo del mismo. El conocimiento de esta patología es crucial dentro de la neurología y, dada su prevalencia elevada y su creciente complejidad, el neurólogo debe realizar un aprendizaje continuo.

Palabras clave
Enfermedad de Alzheimer
Biomarcadores
Epidemiologia
Criterios diagnósticos
Abstract

Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a deterioration in higher mental functions compared to a previous state. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is its main cause. A cognitive assessment of cognitive impairment beings with a case history. There are alarm symptoms that should alert us to the need to perform a more comprehensive, targeted cognitive examination. The typical amnestic presentation is observed in 70% of cases and is characterized by dysfunction in episodic memory for remembering recent events due to the early and intense medial temporal abnormality. Since the start of conceptualization of AD and the use of diagnostic criteria, these have been based exclusively on clinical aspects with an implicit histopathological confirmation of the disease. However, starting in the 21st century, the development of biomarkers and their incorporation into the diagnostic criteria have significantly increased neurologists’ capacity to approach an etiological diagnosis, transforming it into a clinical-biological diagnosis and thus increasing in vivo precision. Knowledge of this disease is crucial within neurology and, given its high prevalence and increasing complexity, neurologists must take part in continuous learning.

Keywords
Alzheimer's disease
Biomarkers
Epidemiology
Diagnostic criteria

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