Vol. 14. Núm. 10.
Páginas 557-567 (Mayo 2024)

Actualización
Ascitis y síndrome hepatorrenal en la cirrosis hepática

Ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in liver cirrhosis

D. Villaescusa ArenasR. Sánchez AldehueloC. Álvarez VarelaM.Á. Rodríguez Gandía
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2024.05.012
Opciones
Resumen

La ascitis es la complicación más frecuente de la cirrosis hepática, y su aparición muchas veces supone el primer evento clínico de la hipertensión portal (HTP). En su patogenia subyace un progresivo aumento de dicha HTP que condiciona la vasodilatación esplácnica, la caída de las resistencias vasculares y la activación de sistemas compensadores que provocan la retención de sodio y agua por parte del riñón y el inicio de la ascitis. En el caso de que estas alteraciones hemodinámicas se perpetúen y/o que la HTP siga aumentando, se desarrollará el síndrome hepatorrenal como consecuencia de la hipoperfusión renal. La transición entre una cirrosis hepática compensada o descompensada es crucial en términos de supervivencia y supone la entrada en una fase final de la hepatopatía, por ello, ante esta situación, los pacientes deben ser evaluados para actuaciones que cambien la historia natural de la enfermedad, lo cual únicamente se ha demostrado hasta la fecha con el trasplante hepático y la derivación portosistémica transyugular intrahepática, siendo los tratamientos de elección. El empleo de diuréticos y otros tratamientos persiguen un control sintomático de la situación, pero no aumentarán la supervivencia de estos pacientes.

Palabras clave
Cirrosis
Hipertensión portal
Ascitis
Síndrome hepatorrenal
Abstract

Ascites is the most common complication of liver cirrhosis and its onset is often the first clinical event of portal hypertension (PHT). Underlying this pathogenesis is a progressive increase in PHT that leads to splanchnic vasodilation, a decline in vascular resistance, and the activation of compensatory systems that cause sodium and water retention by the kidney and the onset of ascites. In the event that these hemodynamic abnormalities are perpetuated and/or PHT continues to increase, hepatorenal syndrome will develop as a consequence of renal hypoperfusion. The transition between compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis is crucial in terms of survival and represents the start of the final stage of liver disease. Therefore, when faced with situation, patients should be evaluated for actions that change the natural history of the disease; to date, this has only been demonstrated to occur with liver transplantation and intrahepatic transjugular portosystemic shunting, which are the treatments of choice. The use of diuretics and other treatments are aimed at controlling the symptoms, but will not increase survival in these patients.

Keywords
Cirrhosis
Portal hypertension
Ascites
Hepatorenal syndrome

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