Vol. 14. Núm. 46.
Páginas 2743-2755 (Diciembre 2025)

Actualización
Actualización práctica en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del insomnio

Practical update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia

E. AmeyugoaM. León TéllezbA. BajocM.A. Álvarez-Mondef
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2025.11.020
Opciones
Resumen

El insomnio es uno de los trastornos del sueño más frecuentes y se asocia con deterioro funcional, aumento del riesgo de comorbilidades médicas y psiquiátricas y mayores costes sanitarios. Su prevalencia alcanza el 30%-35% de la población general, aunque solo un 10%-15% cumple criterios de insomnio crónico. El diagnóstico es clínico y debe valorar factores predisponentes, precipitantes y perpetuantes, descartando causas secundarias. Herramientas como el Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), el Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) y el diario de sueño pueden complementar la evaluación. El abordaje terapéutico recomendado es integral, con la terapia cognitivo-conductual para el insomnio (TCC-I) como primera elección. Sus componentes incluyen control de estímulos, restricción del tiempo en la cama, reestructuración cognitiva, técnicas de relajación y psicoeducación. La higiene del sueño no es eficaz como intervención aislada. El tratamiento farmacológico se reserva para casos seleccionados, preferiblemente a corto plazo, y comprende benzodiacepinas, fármacos Z, antidepresivos sedantes, melatonina, agonistas melatoninérgicos, antihistamínicos y neuromoduladores. En pediatría, el enfoque principal es conductual. Entre los avances recientes destaca el daridorexant, un antagonista dual de receptores de orexina aprobado en Europa.

Palabras clave
Insomnio
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
Terapia cognitivo-conductual
Abstract

Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders. It is associated with functional impairment, increased risk of medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and higher healthcare costs. Its prevalence is as high as 30%-35% in the general population, although only 10%-15% meet criteria for chronic insomnia. The diagnosis is clinical and predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors must be evaluated, ruling out secondary causes. Tools such as the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a sleep diary can complement the assessment. The recommended therapeutic approach is comprehensive, with cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as the first choice. Its components include stimulus control, bedtime restriction, cognitive restructuring, relaxation techniques, and psychological education. Sleep hygiene is not effective as an isolated intervention. Pharmacological treatment is reserved for selected cases and is preferably short-term. It includes benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, sedative antidepressants, melatonin, melatonergic agonists, antihistamines and neuromodulators. In pediatrics, the main approach is behavioral. Recent advances include daridorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist approved in Europe.

Keywords
Insomnia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cognitive-behavioral therapy

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