Vol. 12. Núm. 92.
Páginas 5414-5426 (Diciembre 2019)

Actualización
Insuficiencia cardíaca crónica

Chronic heart failure

A. García LledóacE.M. García RomoabJ. Gómez Delgadoab
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2019.12.004
Opciones
Resumen

La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un síndrome caracterizado por síntomas y signos de congestión sistémica, pulmonar y/o bajo gasto. Es una entidad muy frecuente, cuya incidencia va en aumento y con mal pronóstico. Puede deberse a múltiples afecciones cardíacas y a algunas extracardíacas. Las claves diagnósticas son la historia y exploración clínicas, la determinación de péptidos natriuréticos y el ecocardiograma. Conocer la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) es fundamental, porque define grupos con diferente etiopatogenia, manejo y pronóstico. Disponemos de fármacos y dispositivos eficaces para retrasar la mortalidad y mejorar la calidad de vida en la IC con FEVI deprimida, mientras que hay poca evidencia sobre el manejo de los pacientes con FEVI conservada, habitualmente mayores y con más comorbilidad. Para manejar adecuadamente un caso de IC debemos tratar el síndrome de IC, investigar y tratar su causa, si es posible, e identificar y tratar adecuadamente los desencadenantes y las comorbilidades.

Palabras clave
Insuficiencia cardíaca crónica
Fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo
Comorbilidades
Abstract

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs of systemic, pulmonary and/or low output congestion. It is a very common entity, whose incidence is increasing, and has poor prognosis. The etiology includes cardiac and extracardiac causes. Diagnostic keys are history and clinical examination, natriuretic peptide determination and echocardiogram. The measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction is essential, because it defines groups with different etiopathogenesis, management and prognosis. Several drugs and advices are available to delay death and to improve the quality of life in CHF with reduced LVEF. On the contrary, the evidences regarding the management of patients with conserved LVEF, usually elderly and with more comorbidity are scarce. The proper management of CHF requires the treatment of the CHF syndrome, research and treat its cause, if possible, and identify and treat adequately both trigger factors and comorbidities.

Keywords
Chronic heart failure
Left ventricular ejection fraction
Comorbidities

Identifíquese

¿Aún no es suscriptor de la revista?

Comprar el acceso al artículo

Comprando el artículo el pdf del mismo podrá ser descargado

Teléfono para incidencias

De lunes a viernes de 9h a 18h (GMT+1) excepto los meses de julio y agosto que será de 9 a 15h

Llamadas desde España 932 415 960
Llamadas desde fuera de España +34 932 415 960
Bibliografía
[1]
201912241344201508
201912241344201509
P. Ponikowski, A.A. Voors, S.D. Anker, H. Bueno, J.G. Cleland, A.J. Cotas, et al.
Guía ESC 2016 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y crónica.
Rev Esp Cardiol., (2016), 69
[2]
2019122413442015010
2019122413442015011
C.W. Yancy, M. Jessup, B. Bozkurt, J. Butler, D.E. Casey Jr., M.H. Drazner, et al.
2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.
J Am Coll Cardiol., (2013), 62 pp. e147-e239
[3]
2019122413442015012
H. Oxenham, N. Sharpe.
Cardiovascular aging and heart failure.
Eur J Heart Fail., (2003), 5 pp. 427-434
[4]
2019122413442015013
D. Levy, M.G. Larson, R.S. Vasan, W.B. Kannel, K.K. Ho.
The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure.
JAMA., (1996), 275 pp. 1557-1562
[5]
Borlaug
2019122413442015014
BA. Pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Colucci WS, editor. UpToDate 2019. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com.
[6]
Borlaug
2019122413442015015
BA. Treatment and prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Colucci WS, editor. UpToDate 2019. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com.
[7]
Colucci
2019122413442015016
WS. Pathophysiology of heart failure: Neurohumoral adaptations. Gottlieb SS, editor. UpToDate 2019. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com.
[8]
Colucci
2019122413442015017
WS, Conn JN. Pathophysiology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Hemodynamic alterations and remodelling. Gottlieb SS, editor. UpToDate 2019. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com.
[9]
2019122413442015018
P. Kirchhof, S. Benussi, D. Kotecha, A. Ahlsson, D. Atar, B. Casadei, et al.
Guía ESC 2016 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular, desarrollada en colaboración con la EACTS.
Rev Esp Cardiol., (2017), 70
[10]
2019122413442015019
S.G. Priori, C. Blomström-Lundqvist, A. Mazzanti, N. Blom, M. Borggrefe, J. Camm, et al.
Guía ESC 2015 sobre el tratamiento de pacientes con arritmias ventriculares y prevención de la muerte súbita cardiaca.
Rev Esp Cardiol., (2016), 69
[11]
2019122413442015020
S. Cazeau, C. Leclercq, T. Lavergne, S. Walker, C. Varma, C. Linde, et al.
Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay.
N Engl J Med., (2001), 344 pp. 873-880
[12]
2019122413442015021
C. Rostagno, G. Galanti, M. Comeglio, V. Boddi, G. Olivo, G. Gastone Neri Serneri.
Comparison of different methods of functional evaluation in patients with chronic heart failure.
Eur J Heart Fail., (2000), 2 pp. 273-280
[13]
2019122413442015022
M. Metra, P. Ponikowski, K. Dickstein, J.J.V. McMurray, A. Gavazzi, C.H. Bergh, et al.
Advanced chronic heart failure: a position statement from the Study Group on Advanced Heart Failure of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.
Eur J Heart Fail., (2007), 9 pp. 684-694
[14]
2019122413442015023
J. Butler, G.C. Fonarow, M.R. Zile, C.S. Lam, L. Roessig, E.B. Schelbert, et al.
Developing therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: current state and future directions.
JACC Heart Fail., (2014), 2 pp. 97-112
[15]
2019122413442015024
I. Sayago-Silva, F. García-López, J. Segovia-Cubero.
Epidemiología de la insuficiencia cardiaca en España en los últimos 20 años.
Rev Esp Cardiol., (2013), 66 pp. 649-656
[16]
2019122413442015025
G.S. Bleumink, A.M. Knetsch, M.C.J.M. Sturkenboom, S.M.J.M. Straus, A. Hofman, J.W. Deckers, et al.
Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure. The Rotterdam Study.
Eur Heart J England., (2004), 25 pp. 1614-1619
[17]
2019122413442015026
F. Ceia, C. Fonseca, T. Mota, H. Morais, F. Matias, A. De Sousa, A.G. Oliveira.
Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study.
Eur J Heart Fail., (2002), 4
[18]
2019122413442015027
P.A. Heidenreich, J.G. Trogdon, O.A. Khavjou, J. Butler, K. Dracup, M.D. Ezekowitz, et al.
Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States. A policy statement from the American Heart Association.
Circulation., (2011), 123 pp. 933-944
[19]
2019122413442015028
2019122413442015029
K. Tsuji, Y. Sakata, K. Nochioka, M. Miura, T. Yamauchi, T. Onose, et al.
Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction-a report from the CHART-2 Study.
Eur J Heart Fail., (2017), 19 pp. 1258-1269
[20]
2019122413442015030
L. Fernández-Gassó, L. Hernando-Arizaleta, J.A. Palomar-Rodríguez, M.V. Abellán-Pérez, Á. Hernández-Vicente, D.A. Pascual-Figal.
Population-based Study of First Hospitalizations for Heart Failure and the Interaction Between Readmissions and Survival.
Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)., (2019), 72 pp. 740-748
[21]
Meta-analysis
2019122413442015031
Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC).
The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis.
Eur Heart J., (2012), 33 pp. 1750-1757
[22]
2019122413442015032
2019122413442015033
S.D. Solomon, N. Anavekar, H. Skali, J.J. McMurray, K. Swedberg, S. Yusuf, et al.
Influence of ejection fraction on cardiovascular outcomes in a broad spectrum of heart failure patients.
Circulation., (2005), 112 pp. 3738-3744
[23]
2019122413442015034
J.J. Hsu, B. Ziaeian, G.C. Fonarow.
Heart Failure with mid-range (borderline) ejection fraction: clinical implications and future directions.
JACC Heart Fail., (2017), 5 pp. 763-771
[24]
2019122413442015035
A.H. Coles, K. Fisher, C. Darling, J. Yarzebski, D.D. McManus, J.M. Gore, et al.
Long-term survival for patients with acute decompensated heart failure according to ejection fraction findings.
Am J Cardiol., (2014), 114 pp. 862-868
[25]
2019122413442015036
A.P. Davie, C.M. Francis, M.P. Love, L. Caruana, I.R. Starkey, T.R. Shaw, et al.
Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
[26]
2019122413442015037
A. Maisel, C. Mueller, K. Adams, S.D. Anker, N. Aspromonte, J.G.F. Cleland, et al.
State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice.
Eur J Heart Fail., (2008), 10 pp. 824-839
[27]
Colucci
2019122413442015038
WS. Overview of the therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Gotlieb SS, editor. UpToDate 2019. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com. [Consultado 7 octubre 2019].
[28]
2019122413442015039
J.J. McMurray, M. Packer, A.S. Desai, J. Gong, M.P. Lefkowitz, A.R. Rizkala, et al.
PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure.
N Engl J Med., (2014), 371 pp. 993-1004
[29]
2019122413442015040
J.J.V. McMurray, S.D. Solomon, S.E. Inzucchi, L. Køber, M.N. Kosiborod, F.A. Martinez, et al.
Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
N Engl J Med. En prensa, (2019 Sep),
[30]
2019122413442015041
M. Anguita-Sánchez, J.C. Castillo-Domínguez, D. Mesa-Rubio, M. Ruiz-Ortiz, A. López-Granados, J. Suárez de Lezo.
¿Se deben mantener los inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina a largo plazo en pacientes que normalizan la fracción de eyección tras un episodio de miocarditis aguda?.
Rev Esp Cardiol., (2006), 59 pp. 1199-1201
[31]
2019122413442015042
J.L. Januzzi Jr., M.F. Prescott, J. Butler, G.M. Felker, A.S. Maisel, K. McCague, et al.
PROVE-HF Investigators. Association of change in N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide following initiation of sacubitril-valsartan treatment with cardiac structure and function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
JAMA, (2019), 2 pp. 1-11
[32]
2019122413442015043
A. Perlman, B. Hirsh Raccah, I. Matok, M. Muszkat.
Cognition and dementia-related adverse effects with sacubitril-valsartan: analysis of the FDA adverse event report system database.
J Card Fail., (2018), 24 pp. 533-536
[33]
2019122413442015044
G. Steinbeck, D. Andresen, K. Seidl, J. Brachmann, E. Hoffmann, D. Wojciechowski, et al.
Defibrillator implantation early after myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med., (2009), 361 pp. 1427-1436
[34]
2019122413442015045
R.S. Taylor, V.A. Sagar, E.J. Davies, S. Briscoe, A.J. Coats, H. Dalal, et al.
Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2014), pp. CD003331
[35]
Piña
2019122413442015046
IL. Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure. Gottlieb SS, editor. UpToDate 2019. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com. [Consultado 7 octubre 2019].
[36]
2019122413442015047
D.J. Van Veldhuisen, A. Cohen-Solal, M. Böhm, S.D. Anker, D. Babalis, M. Roughton, et al.
Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
J Am Coll Cardiol., (2009), 53 pp. 2150-2158
[37]
2019122413442015048
S.D. Solomon, J.J.V. McMurray, I.S. Anand, J. Ge, C.S.P. Lam, A.P. Maggioni, et al.
Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
N Engl J Med. En prensa, (2019),
[38]
2019122413442015049
A. García-Lledó, A.M. de Santiago-Nocito, F.J. de Abajo.
Cardiovascular safety of noninsulin antidiabetic drugs: facts and promises.
Rev Clin Esp., (2017), 217 pp. 473-477
[39]
2019122413442015050
P. Ponikowski, D.J. van Veldhuisen, J. Comin-Colet, G. Ertl, M. Komajda, V. Mareev, et al.
Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency.
Eur Heart J., (2015), 36 pp. 657-668
[40]
2019122413442015051
R.S. McKelvie, G.W. Moe, A. Cheung, J. Costigan, A. Ducharme, E. Estrella-Holder, et al.
The 2011 Canadian Cardiovascular Society heart failure management guidelines update: focus on sleep apnea, renal dysfunction, mechanical circulatory support, and palliative care.
Can J Cardiol., (2011), 27 pp. 319-338
[41]
2019122413442015052
C. Angermann, M. Pia, E. Erdmann, P. Levy, A.K. Simonds, V.K. Somers, et al.
Adaptive servo-ventilation for central sleep apnea in systolic heart failure.
N Engl J Med., (2015), 373 pp. 1095-1105