Vol. 13. Núm. 65.
Páginas 3829-3837 (Octubre 2022)

Actualización
Asma bronquial

Bronchial asthma

B. Molina GarcíaO. Navarrete IsidoroA. Ruiz PeñaJ.M. Rodríguez González-Moro
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2022.10.003
Opciones
Resumen

El asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias con múltiples factores de riesgo implicados en su patogenia y que se caracteriza clínicamente por disnea, tos y sibilancias.

Para su diagnóstico, la clínica y la función respiratoria son las herramientas clave (espirometría con obstrucción, reversibilidad, variabilidad, óxido nítrico en aire espirado —FENO— y provocación bronquial). El tratamiento del asma tiene como finalidad el control de la enfermedad, manteniendo estables síntomas y exacerbaciones. Para implantar un adecuado tratamiento, el asma se clasifica según su gravedad y, en función de esta, se sigue el algoritmo terapéutico de 6 escalones publicado en la guía española GEMA. El pilar terapéutico fundamental son los corticoides inhalados presentes en cada uno de los escalones, asociados a otros fármacos para el control de la enfermedad (agonistas beta 2, antimuscarínicos, antagonistas de los leucotrienos). En estos últimos años, destaca la incorporación al arsenal terapéutico de los anticuerpos monoclonales para el tratamiento del asma grave alérgica y eosinofílica.

Palabras clave
Asma
Inflamación
Corticoides inhalados
Abstract

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract with multiple risk factors involved in its pathogenesis. It is clinically characterized by dyspnea, cough, and wheezing.

Symptoms and respiratory function are the key tools for diagnosing it (spirometry with obstruction, reversibility, variability, fractional exhaled nitric oxide —FENO—, bronchial provocation). The goals of asthma treatment are disease control and maintaining symptoms and exacerbations stable. In order to implement a suitable treatment, asthma is classified according to its severity and based on that, the six-step treatment algorithm indicated in the Spanish GEMA guidelines is followed. The fundamental pillar of therapy is inhaled corticosteroids, which is present in each of the steps, and other drugs are associated for disease control (beta2-agonists, muscarinic receptor antagonists, leukotriene receptor antagonists). In recent years, the incorporation of monoclonal antibodies into the treatment arsenal for severe allergic and eosinophilic asthma is noteworthy.

Keywords
Asthma
Inflammation
Inhaled corticosteroids

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