Vol. 13. Núm. 76.
Páginas 4516-4524 (Abril 2023)

Síndromes atáxicos. Ataxias heredodegenerativas

Ataxic syndromes. Hereditary-degenerative ataxias

Baviera-MuñozabcD. Tarruella-HernándezaL. Batallerabcd
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2023.03.022
Opciones
Resumen

La ataxia cerebelosa es un síndrome caracterizado por inestabilidad de la marcha, pérdida de coordinación y alteraciones oculomotoras y del habla. Son enfermedades muy heterogéneas clínica y genéticamente. Se han descrito más de 200 genes causales y se requieren distintas técnicas para analizar los diferentes tipos de mutaciones: expansiones dinámicas, mutaciones puntuales o variaciones en el número de copias. La aplicación en los últimos años de las nuevas técnicas de secuenciación genética masiva ha aumentado de forma exponencial nuestro conocimiento sobre las bases moleculares de las ataxias. Ha permitido la identificación de nuevos genes causales y ha redefinido el espectro fenotípico de genes conocidos. No obstante, para interpretar la patogenicidad de las variantes identificadas, sigue siendo fundamental la recogida detallada de la historia familiar y el fenotipo de los pacientes. En esta actualización revisamos las manifestaciones clínicas de las formas más frecuentes y la estrategia diagnóstica más apropiada en la práctica clínica habitual.

Palabras clave
Ataxia
Genética
Neurodegeneración
Abstract

Cerebellar ataxia is a syndrome characterized by gait instability, loss of coordination, and oculomotor and speech abnormalities. These diseases are highly heterogeneous both clinically and genetically. More than 200 causal genes have been described and different techniques are required for analyzing the various types of mutations: dynamic expansions, point mutations, or copy number variations. The use of new massive parallel gene sequencing techniques in recent years has exponentially increased our knowledge of the molecular bases of ataxias. It has allowed for the identification of new causal genes and has redefined the phenotypic spectrum of known genes. Nevertheless, in order to interpret the pathogenicity of the variants identified, taking a detailed family history and the phenotype of patients continue to be fundamental. This update will review the clinical manifestations of the most common forms and the most appropriate diagnostic strategy in routine clinical practice.

Keywords
Ataxia
Genetics
Neurodegeneration

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