Vol. 12. Núm. 33.
Páginas 1980-1989 (Mayo 2017)

Actualización
Melanoma

Melanoma

B. Martínez-Amores MartínezaF.J. Vicente MartínbM. Durán PovedacR. Molina Villaverded
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2017.04.022
Opciones
Resumen
Introducción

El melanoma es un tumor maligno procedente de los melanocitos que se localiza a nivel cutáneo en el 95% de los casos. A pesar de su elevada incidencia, la mortalidad se ha estabilizado en los últimos años gracias a las campañas de detección temprana, precocidad quirúrgica y a la mejoría de la supervivencia con los nuevos tratamientos en fase metastásica.

Epidemiología

El riesgo de aparición del melanoma está relacionado de forma directa con la exposición solar, pero también influyen factores personales como el tipo de piel, epidemiológicos, lesiones precursoras y aspectos genéticos.

Diagnóstico

Aunque se han reconocido múltiples factores pronósticos de melanoma hasta la fecha, el único predictivo de respuesta al tratamiento es la presencia de la mutación BRAF V600E en el ADN de las células tumorales, determinación mandatoria en todos los casos de melanoma metastásico.

Tratamiento

El tratamiento de un melanoma localizado debe ser siempre su extirpación quirúrgica con márgenes amplios y la linfadenectomía regional reglada en casos de afectación ganglionar clínica o biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela con presencia de células tumorales en pacientes sin sospecha de afectación ganglionar previa. El tratamiento del melanoma metastásico debe ser sistémico, basado en tres pilares fundamentales: inmunoterapia, inhibidores BRAF y quimioterapia.

Palabras clave
Melanoma
Mutación BRAF
Inmunoterapia
Biopsia selectiva ganglio centinela
Abstract
Introduction

Melanoma is a malignant tumour starting in the melanocytes that is located at skin level in 95% of cases. Despite its high incidence, mortality has stabilised in recent years thanks to early detection campaigns, prompt surgery and improved survival with new treatments in the metastatic stage.

Epidemiology

The risk of developing a melanoma is directly associated with exposure to the sun. However, personal factors also have an impact, such as skin type, epidemiological factors, precursor lesions, and genetic aspects.

Diagnosis

Although to date, many prognostic factors for melanoma have been identified, the only predictor for treatment response is the presence of BRAF V600E mutation in the DNA of the tumour cells, which it is compulsory to determine in all cases of metastatic melanoma.

Treatment

Local melanoma should always be surgically removed with wide margins, and formal regional lymphadenectomy in cases of clinical lymph node involvement, or selective biopsy of the sentinel gland in the presence of tumour cells in patients with no previous suspicion of lymph node involvement. Metastatic melanoma should be treated systemically, based on the three essential pillars: immunotherapy, BRAF inhibitors and chemotherapy.

Keywords
Melanoma
BRAF mutation
Immunotherapy
Selective biopsy of the sentinel gland

Identifíquese

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