Vol. 13. Núm. 55.
Páginas 3235-3245 (Mayo 2022)

Manifestaciones sistémicas y extrapulmonares en la COVID-19

Systemic and extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19

J. Balsa VázquezD. Alonso MenchénM.M. Martín LlorénsJ. Sanz Moreno
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2022.05.004
Opciones
Resumen

Aunque la fiebre y los síntomas respiratorios son la principal expresión clínica de la enfermedad de la COVID-19, pueden aparecer importantes complicaciones extrapulmonares que afectan a la mayoría de los órganos y sistemas. La participación multisistémica puede atribuirse principalmente a la localización generalizada en todo el organismo de los receptores de la ECA2, que actúan como el principal punto de entrada del virus. Las manifestaciones sistémicas pueden aparecer, en ocasiones, antes que la sintomatología típica, aunque en general son tardías o representan secuelas de la enfermedad. Las complicaciones tromboembólicas son preocupantes por su frecuencia y gravedad, y traducen un estado procoagulante con múltiples manifestaciones clínicas posibles. Pueden aparecer complicaciones cardíacas, neurológicas, digestivas, renales, endocrinometabólicas, cutáneas y oculares. Se comentan las manifestaciones y los aspectos terapéuticos específicos sobre la enfermedad de la COVID-19 en la mujer embarazada, y sobre las implicaciones de la enfermedad en los niños. En todo paciente con sospecha clínica de COVID-19, se realizarán las pruebas correspondientes para confirmar el diagnóstico de la infección. Las pruebas diagnósticas específicas indicativas de afectación de los distintos órganos irán dirigidas en función de la sospecha clínica. La realización de estas pruebas podrá ser individualizada, teniendo en cuenta las medidas de aislamiento requeridas y la gravedad de cada caso. Asimismo, se administrará el tratamiento correspondiente, siguiendo criterios generalmente superponibles a los de la población general.

Palabras clave
Infección por COVID-19
Manifestaciones extrapulmonares
Receptores ECA2
Afectación multisistémica
Abstract

Although fever and respiratory symptoms are the main clinical expression of COVID-19 disease, important extrapulmonary complications that affect the majority of the organs and systems may occur. Multisystemic involvement can mainly be attributed to the generalized location of ACE2 receptors throughout the body, which act as the main point of entry for the virus. Systemic manifestations may occasionally appear before the typical symptoms, although they generally occur later or are sequelae of the disease. Thromboembolic complications are concerning due to their frequency and severity; they are the result of a hypercoagulable state with multiple possible clinical manifestations. Cardiac, neurological, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine-metabolic, skin, and ocular complications may occur. The manifestations and specific therapeutic aspects of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women as well as implications of the disease on children are discussed. The corresponding tests must be performed in all patients with a clinical suspicion of COVID-19 in order to confirm the diagnosis of the infection. The specific diagnostic tests that are indicative of involvement of different organs are guided based on clinical suspicion. These tests are conducted on an individual basis taking into account the isolation measures required and the severity of each case. Likewise, the corresponding treatment is administered according to criteria that generally similar to those for the general population.

Keywords
COVID-19 infection
Extrapulmonary manifestations
ACE2 receptors
Multisystemic involvement

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