Vol. 13. Núm. 79.
Páginas 4667-4674 (Mayo 2023)

Actualización
Glomerulonefritis agudas y rápidamente progresivas, glomerulonefritis proliferativa endocapilar y glomerulonefritis proliferativa extracapilar

Acute and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, and extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis

J. Mancha RamosaA. Blasco MartínezbM. Pérez FernándezaM.L. Fernández RodríguezaL.Y. Gil Giraldoc
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2023.05.002
Opciones
Resumen

Las glomerulonefritis agudas (postinfecciosas) se presentan de forma repentina con hematuria (microscópica o macroscópica), proteinuria, disminución del filtrado glomerular y retención de sodio y agua que habitualmente producen una elevación de la presión arterial y edemas. Además, varias glomerulonefritis crónicas pueden presentarse como un síndrome nefrítico agudo y pueden ser clínicamente indistinguibles al inicio de las alteraciones agudas. Las glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresivas (GNRP) constituyen un síndrome clínico-patológico, caracterizado por un deterioro rápido de la función renal (semanas a meses), proteinuria en rango generalmente subnefrótico y la presencia de semilunas o crescientes fibrosas y celulares a nivel glomerular. Sus causas pueden ser primarias o secundarias, y su clasificación depende de hallazgos clínicos, serológicos e histológicos, dividiéndose en 3 tipos: 1 o asociada a anticuerpos antimembrana basal glomerular, 2 o asociada a complejos inmunes, 3 o pauciinmune (asociada a ANCA) y 4 (combinación de tipo 1 y 3). En relación con el diagnóstico y tratamiento deben ser precoces y suelen utilizarse inmunosupresores en dosis altas y a veces plasmaféresis, con el fin de recuperar la función renal y evitar la rápida progresión a enfermedad renal crónica avanzada o terminal. En casos de muy alta sospecha clínica, la realización de la biopsia renal no debe retrasar el inicio del tratamiento inmunosupresor.

Palabras clave
Glomerulonefritis aguda
Glomerulonefritis postinfecciosa
Glomerulonefritis con semilunas
Glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva
Abstract

Acute (post-infectious) glomerulonephritis presents rapidly with hematuria (microscopic or causes), proteinuria, a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, and sodium and water retention that usually cause an increase in blood pressure and edema. In addition, various types of chronic glomerulonephritis may present as acute nephrotic syndrome and can be clinically indistinguishable from the onset of acute abnormalities. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) represents a clinical-pathological syndrome characterized by a rapid decline in renal function (weeks to months); proteinuria generally in a subnephrotic range; and the presence of fibrous, cellular crescents in the glomerular area. Its causes can be primary or secondary. Its classification depends on clinical, serological, and histological findings; they are divided into 3 types: 1, associated with anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies; 2, associated with immune complexes; 3 pauci-immune (ANCA-associated), or 4, a combination of types 1 and 3. Diagnosis and treatment must be early. High-dose immunosuppressants and, sometimes, plasmapheresis can be used for the purpose of restoring renal function and avoiding rapid progression to advanced or end-stage chronic kidney disease. In cases with very high clinical suspicion, performing a renal biopsy must not delay starting immunosuppressive therapy.

Keywords
Acute glomerulonephritis
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Crescentic glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

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