Vol. 13. Núm. 33.
Páginas 1893-1905 (Mayo 2021)

Actualización
Autorreactividad, tolerancia y autoinmunidad

Autoreactivity, tolerance and autoimmunity

D. Díaz MartínaM. Álvarez-Mon Sotoab
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2021.05.003
Opciones
Resumen

La autoinmunidad es una respuesta inmune contra uno o varios antígenos propios. Las enfermedades autoinmunes son el resultado del daño o la pérdida de función fisiológica en órganos y tejidos, debido a una respuesta autoinmune. Este reconocimiento específico está mediado por las células del sistema inmune adaptativo, es decir, linfocitos T y B, si bien en los mecanismos de daño participan también células y moléculas del sistema inmune innato. Las enfermedades autoinmunes son crónicas y suelen ser progresivas. La persistencia del antígeno, de las células T y B memoria específicas de los mismos y los poderosos mecanismos de amplificación inflamatorios son los mecanismos patogénicos que perpetúan la enfermedad. Los mecanismos de tolerancia son esenciales para el control de la autorreactivad, principalmente los mediados en periferia por los linfocitos T. La etiología de las enfermedades autoinmunes no está esclarecida, aunque parece claro que es multifactorial. La propensión genética es un factor importante, y determinados conjuntos de alelos de genes pueden predisponer a la enfermedad. Además, los factores ambientales como la infección y la lesión tisular parecen fundamentales en su desarrollo.

Palabras clave
Autorreactividad
Autoantígenos
Tolerancia
Tregs
Abstract

Autoimmunity is an immune response against one or several of your own antigens. Autoimmune diseases are the result of injury or loss of physiological function in organs and tissues due to an autoimmune response. This specific recognition is mediated by adaptive immune system cells, that is, T- and B-lymphocytes, though cells and molecules of the innate immune system also play a role in the mechanisms of injury. Autoimmune diseases are chronic and tend to be progressive. The persistence of the antigen, of the specific memory T and B cells, and of the powerful mechanisms of inflammatory amplification are the pathogenic mechanisms that perpetuate this disease. Mechanisms of tolerance are essential for the control of autoreactivity and mainly include those mediated in the periphery by T-lymphocytes. The etiology of autoimmune diseases has not been elucidated, although it seems clear that it is multifactorial. Genetic propensity is an important factor and certain sets of gene alleles can predispose an individual to a disease. In addition, environmental factors such as infection and tissue injury appear fundamental to its development.

Keywords
Autoreactivity
Autoantigens
Tolerance
Tregs

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