Vol. 14. Núm. 29.
Páginas 1726-1735 (Marzo 2025)

Actualización
Asma bronquial

Bronchial asthma

P. Méndez BreaaI. Roibás VeigaaT. González VidalbC. Vidal Pana
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2025.04.002
Opciones
Resumen

En esta actualización se aborda el asma desde una perspectiva integral, destacando la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Se trata de una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias, caracterizada por episodios de sibilancias, disnea y tos. Se enfatiza la importancia de un diagnóstico preciso que incluye la evaluación de los síntomas, la historia clínica y las pruebas de función pulmonar. Se clasifica según la gravedad y el control, lo que ayuda a personalizar el tratamiento. Para ello es importante identificar y evitar los desencadenantes, así como promover el uso de medicamentos de control a largo plazo, como los corticosteroides inhalados y los broncodilatadores de acción corta para el alivio de los síntomas. Se recomienda un enfoque escalonado, ajustando el tratamiento según el grado de control del asma. Además, se exponen las estrategias de manejo a largo plazo y la educación del paciente para mejorar la calidad de vida y reducir las exacerbaciones. Así como el manejo y el tratamiento del asma grave de difícil control.

Palabras clave
Hiperreactividad bronquial
Inflamación
Eosinófilos
GEMA
GINA
Biológicos
Abstract

This update addresses asthma from a comprehensive perspective, highlighting its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by episodes of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough. The importance of an accurate diagnosis that includes an evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and pulmonary function tests is emphasized. It is classified according to severity and control, which helps to personalize treatment. To this end, it is important to identify and avoid triggers as well as to promote the use of long-term control medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids and short-acting bronchodilators for symptom relief. A stepwise approach is recommended, adjusting treatment according to the degree of asthma control. In addition, long-term management strategies and patient education to improve quality of life and reduce exacerbations are described. Management and treatment of severe asthma that is difficult to control is also discussed.

Keywords
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Inflammation
Eosinophils
GEMA
GINA
Biologics

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