Vol. 14. Núm. 56.
Páginas 3409-3419 (Mayo 2026)

Actualización
Virus del papiloma humano: verrugas genitales, displasia anal y cáncer anal

Human papillomavirus: genital warts, anal dysplasia, and anal cancer

A.G. García-Ruiz de MoralesM. Rosas Cancio-SuárezR. Navarro-SolerM. Suárez-RoblesM.D. Corbacho-LoarteD. Gayoso-CanteroC.M. CanoJ. Díaz-ÁlvarezS. Moreno
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2026.06.001
Opciones
Resumen

El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es la infección de transmisión sexual (ITS) más frecuente, y la causa principal de verrugas genitales, lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado y cáncer anal. El diagnóstico se basa en la citología (sistema Bethesda), la detección molecular de genotipos de alto riesgo y la anoscopia de alta resolución que permite identificar y tratar lesiones precancerosas en poblaciones de riesgo. El tratamiento de las verrugas genitales incluye agentes tópicos y procedimientos destructivos locales, mientras que las lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado requieren técnicas ablativas o escisionales para prevenir la progresión a cáncer. El cáncer anal se aborda mediante estrategias combinadas de cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia según el estadio. La vacunación frente a genotipos oncogénicos ha demostrado una alta eficacia en la reducción de verrugas y lesiones preneoplásicas, consolidándose como la medida preventiva más efectiva.

Palabras clave
Virus del papiloma humano (VPH)
Verrugas genitales
Cáncer anal
Displasia anal
Vacunación
Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) and the leading cause of genital warts, high-grade intraepithelial lesions, and anal cancer. Diagnosis is based on cytology (Bethesda system), molecular detection of high-risk genotypes, and high-resolution anoscopy, which allows for identifying and treating precancerous lesions in at-risk populations. The treatment of genital warts includes topical agents and local destructive procedures, while high-grade intraepithelial lesions require ablative or excisional techniques to prevent progression to cancer. Anal cancer is managed using combined strategies that involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the stage. Vaccination against oncogenic genotypes has demonstrated high efficacy in reducing warts and preneoplastic lesions and has been established as the most effective preventive measure.

Keywords
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Genital warts
Anal cancer
Anal dysplasia
Vaccination

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