Vol. 14. Núm. 62.
Páginas 3817-3825 (Septiembre 2026)

Actualización
Situaciones clínicas de alta complejidad en el adulto mayor. Apoyo a la toma de decisiones

Highly complex clinical situations in older adults. Decision-making support

A. Ferrantelli BlancoG. YelaL.D. Mujica ChumbesC. Rodríguez RománA. Alises García-MoratoJ. Castillejo Núñez
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2026.09.001
Resumen

El envejecimiento poblacional ha incrementado la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas en personas mayores, lo cual genera gran complejidad clínica, con mayor riesgo de efectos adversos, deterioro funcional, hospitalizaciones y mortalidad. Debemos individualizar los objetivos terapéuticos en función del estado funcional, cognitivo, social y de las preferencias del paciente, priorizando la calidad de vida y la preservación de la autonomía frente a objetivos preventivos a largo plazo con beneficio incierto. La polifarmacia es un factor clave de riesgo, lo que hace imprescindible la revisión sistemática de la medicación apoyada en herramientas validadas como los criterios STOPP/START, Beers y STOPP-Frail.

Se revisan de forma específica situaciones clínicas de alta complejidad frecuentes en geriatría, mediante la valoración geriátrica integral. La evidencia actual respalda que estas estrategias permiten reducir eventos adversos, hospitalizaciones y toxicidad terapéutica, sin comprometer la supervivencia, y mejoran los resultados funcionales y la calidad de vida. La atención al paciente mayor con enfermedades crónicas debe basarse en la coordinación multidisciplinar, la planificación anticipada de decisiones y la integración de cuidados geriátricos, paliativos y sociales, constituyendo un pilar fundamental de los sistemas sanitarios ante el reto del envejecimiento.

Palabras clave
Multimorbilidad
Enfermedades crónicas
Atención centrada en la persona
Telemonitorización
Trastornos del sueño
Abstract

Population aging has increased the prevalence of chronic diseases in older adults. This leads to significant clinical complexity and is associated with a greater risk of adverse effects, functional decline, hospitalizations, and mortality. Treatment objectives must be based on the patient's functional, cognitive, and social status as well as their preferences, prioritizing quality of life and the preservation of autonomy over long-term preventive goals of uncertain benefit. Polypharmacy is a key risk factor, making it essential to systematically review medication using validated tools such as the STOPP/START, Beers, and STOPP-Frail criteria.

Highly complex clinical situations common in geriatrics are reviewed, through a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Current evidence supports the idea that these strategies reduce adverse events, hospitalizations, and treatment toxicity without compromising survival and improve functional outcomes and quality of life. Care for older patients with chronic diseases must be based on multidisciplinary coordination; advance planning regarding decisions; and the integration of geriatric, palliative, and social care. This is a fundamental pillar of healthcare systems facing the challenge of an aging population.

.

Keywords
Multimorbidity
Chronic diseases
Person-centered care
Telemonitoring
Sleep disorders

Identifíquese

¿Aún no es suscriptor de la revista?

Comprar el acceso al artículo

Comprando el artículo el pdf del mismo podrá ser descargado

Teléfono para incidencias

De lunes a viernes de 9h a 18h (GMT+1) excepto los meses de julio y agosto que será de 9 a 15h

Llamadas desde España 932 415 960
Llamadas desde fuera de España +34 932 415 960
Bibliografía
[1]
K. Nicholson
202610010411197268
202610010411197269
, W. Liu, D. Fitzpatrick, K.A. Hardacre, S. Roberts, J. Salerno, et al.
Prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy among adults and older adults: a systematic review.
Lancet Healthy Longev., (2024), 5 pp. e287-e296
[2]
I.S.-S. Ho
2026100104111972610
2026100104111972611
, A. Azcoaga-Lorenzo, A. Akbari, J. Davies, P. Hodgins, K. Khunti, et al.
Variation in the estimated prevalence of multimorbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis of 193 international studies.
BMJ Open., (2022), 12 pp. e057017
[3]
L. Ferrucci
2026100104111972612
, E. Fabbri.
Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty.
Nat Rev Cardiol., (2018), 15 pp. 505-522
[4]
L. Wang
2026100104111972613
, L. Si, F. Cocker, A.J. Palmer, K. Sanderson.
A systematic review of cost-of-illness studies of multimorbidity.
Appl Health Econ Health Policy., (2018), 16 pp. 15-29
[5]
D. O’Mahony
2026100104111972614
2026100104111972615
, A. Cherubini, A. Renom Guiteras, M. Denkinger, J.B. Beuscart, G. Onder, et al.
STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: version 3.
Eur Geriatr Med., (2023), 14 pp. 625-632
[6]
2023 American
2026100104111972616
2026100104111972617
Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel.
American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults.
J Am Geriatr Soc., (2023), 71 pp. 2052-2081
[7]
A.H. Lavan
2026100104111972618
2026100104111972619
, P. Gallagher, C. Parsons, D. O’Mahony.
STOPPFrail (Screening Tool of Older Persons Prescriptions in Frail adults with limited life expectancy): consensus validation.
Age Ageing., (2017), 46 pp. 600-607
[8]
M. Carollo
2026100104111972620
2026100104111972621
, S. Crisafulli, G. Vitturi, M. Besco, D. Hinek, A. Sartorio, et al.
Clinical impact of medication review and deprescribing in older inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Am Geriatr Soc., (2024), 72 pp. 3219-3238
[9]
J.W. McEvoy
2026100104111972622
2026100104111972623
, C.P. McCarthy, R.M. Bruno, S. Brouwers, M.D. Canavan, C. Ceconi, et al.
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension.
Eur Heart J., (2024), 45 pp. 3912-4018
[10]
I.C. Van Gelder
2026100104111972624
2026100104111972625
, M. Rienstra, K.V. Bunting, R. Casado-Arroyo, V. Caso, H.J.G.M. Crijns, et al.
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).
Eur Heart J., (2024), 45 pp. 3314-3414
[11]
J.J. McNeil
2026100104111972626
2026100104111972627
, R. Wolfe, R.L. Woods, A.M. Tonkin, G.A. Donnan, M.R. Nelson, et al.
ASPREE Investigator Group. Effect of aspirin on cardiovascular events and bleeding in the healthy elderly.
N Engl J Med., (2018), 379 pp. 1509-1518
[12]
C.J.M. Vrints
2026100104111972628
2026100104111972629
, F. Andreotti, K.C. Koskinas, X. Rossello, M. Adamo, J. Ainslie, et al.
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes.
Eur Heart J., (2024), 45 pp. 3415-3537
[13]
N.T.B. Scholte
2026100104111972630
2026100104111972631
, P.R.D. Clephas, E. Boersma, M.T. Gürgöze, E. Ronner, L. Feyz, et al.
Telemonitoring modalities in heart failure: comparative effectiveness across the heart failure population-a meta-analysis.
NPJ Digit Med., (2026), 9 pp. 234
[14]
R. Masterson Creber
2026100104111972632
2026100104111972633
, J.A. Dodson, J. Bidwell, K. Breathett, C. Lyles, C. Harmon Still, et al.
Telehealth and health equity in older adults with heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes., (2023), 16 pp. e000123
[15]
D. Riemann
2026100104111972634
2026100104111972635
, C.A. Espie, E. Altena, E.S. Arnardottir, C. Baglioni, C.L.A. Bassetti, et al.
The European Insomnia Guideline: an update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023.
J Sleep Res., (2023), 32 pp. e14035
[16]
M.J. Sateia
2026100104111972636
2026100104111972637
, D.J. Buysse, A.D. Krystal, D.N. Neubauer, J.L. Heald.
Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline.
J Clin Sleep Med., (2017), 13 pp. 307-349
[17]
M. Howell
2026100104111972638
2026100104111972639
, A.Y. Avidan, N. Foldvary-Schaefer, R.G. Malkani, E.H. During, J.P. Roland, et al.
Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline.
J Clin Sleep Med., (2023), 19 pp. 759-768
[18]
Q. Tian
2026100104111972640
2026100104111972641
, J. Sun, X. Li, J. Liu, H. Zhou, J. Deng, et al.
Association between sleep apnoea and risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of cohort-based studies.
Sleep Breath., (2024), 28 pp. 585-595
[19]
C. Oliver
2026100104111972642
2026100104111972643
, H. Li, B. Biswas, D. Woodstoke, J. Blackman, A. Butters, et al.
A systematic review on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease dementia.
Sleep Med Rev., (2024), 73 pp. 101869
[20]
H. Gaskell
2026100104111972644
2026100104111972645
, S. Derry, R.A. Moore, H.J. McQuay.
Prevalence of anaemia in older persons: systematic review.
BMC Geriatr., (2008), 8 pp. 1
[21]
C.I. Oyedeji
2026100104111972646
, A.S. Artz, H.J. Cohen.
How I treat anemia in older adults.
Blood., (2024), 143 pp. 205-213
[22]
J.L. Babitt
2026100104111972647
2026100104111972648
, J.S. Berns, B. Bozkurt, R.S. Cheung Khedairy, Y. Cuevas, E.E. Effa, et al.
Executive Summary of the KDIGO 2026 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
Kidney Int., (2026), 109 pp. 44-56
[23]
J.Y. Seong
2026100104111972649
2026100104111972650
, D.Y. Shin, J.M. Byun, Y. Koh, J. Hong, I. Kim, et al.
Serum erythropoietin level in anemia of elderly with unclear etiology.
Sci Rep., (2023), 13 pp. 15902
[24]
J.L. Carson
2026100104111972651
2026100104111972652
, S.J. Stanworth, G. Guyatt, S. Valentine, J. Dennis, S. Bakhtary, et al.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion: 2023 AABB International Guidelines.
JAMA., (2023), 330 pp. 1892-1902
[25]
D. Li
2026100104111972653
2026100104111972654
, C.L. Sun, H. Kim, E. Soto-Perez-de-Celis, V. Chung, M. Koczywas, et al.
Geriatric Assessment-Driven Intervention (GAIN) on chemotherapy-related toxic effects in older adults with cancer: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA Oncol., (2021), 7 pp. e214158
[26]
W. Dale
2026100104111972655
2026100104111972656
, H.D. Klepin, G.R. Williams, S.M.H. Alibhai, C. Bergerot, K. Brintzenhofeszoc, et al.
Practical assessment and management of vulnerabilities in older patients receiving systemic cancer therapy: ASCO guideline update.
J Clin Oncol., (2023), 41 pp. 4293-4312
[27]
S.G. Mohile
2026100104111972657
2026100104111972658
, M.R. Mohamed, H. Xu, E. Culakova, K.P. Loh, A. Magnuson, et al.
Evaluation of geriatric assessment and management on the toxic effects of cancer treatment (GAP70+): a cluster-randomised study.
Lancet., (2021), 398 pp. 1894-1904