Vol. 14. Núm. 54.
Páginas 3325-3331 (Mayo 2026)

Protocolos de práctica asistencial
Protocolo de manejo de la infección por Clostridioides difficile

Protocol for the management of Clostridioides difficile infection

M.D. Corbacho-LoarteabA.G. García-Ruiz de MoralesabM. Rosas Cancio-SuárezabM. Suárez-RoblesabJ. Díaz-ÁlvarezabC.M. CanoabR. Navarro-SolerabD. Gayoso-CanteroabS. Morenoab
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2026.04.024
Opciones
Resumen

La infección por Clostridioides difficile (ICD) es la principal causa de diarrea asociada a la asistencia sanitaria en países desarrollados, con una incidencia significativa y alto riesgo de recurrencia. En España, la incidencia oscila entre 2 y 4 casos por 10000 estancias, y se han incrementado los casos comunitarios. Su espectro clínico varía desde diarrea leve hasta colitis fulminante, con una recurrencia del 20%-25% tras el primer episodio.

El diagnóstico se realiza mediante la evaluación clínica y la confirmación microbiológica, utilizando enzimoinmunoanálisis (EIA) y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). El tratamiento incluye la suspensión de antibióticos innecesarios, el manejo hidroelectrolítico y el uso de fidaxomicina como tratamiento de elección, mientras que la vancomicina se emplea en casos graves. En situaciones de recurrencia múltiple, el trasplante de microbiota fecal es altamente efectivo.

Las medidas preventivas destacan el aislamiento, el lavado de manos y la limpieza con desinfectantes esporicidas y la optimización de los antibióticos ha reducido la incidencia de la ICD. El seguimiento clínico es crucial tras 48-72 horas desde el inicio del tratamiento, y se aconseja la educación a pacientes sobre higiene y riesgo de recurrencia.

Palabras clave
Clostridioides difficile
Colitis pseudomembranosa
Recurrencia
Trasplante de microbiota fecal
Abstract

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea in developed countries, with a significant incidence and high risk of recurrence. In Spain, the incidence ranges from 2 to 4 cases per 10,000 hospital stays and community-acquired cases have increased. Its clinical spectrum ranges from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis, with a recurrence rate of 20%–25% after the first episode.

The diagnosis is made through clinical evaluation and microbiological confirmation via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment includes the discontinuation of unnecessary antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte management, and the use of fidaxomicin as the treatment of choice, while vancomycin is used in severe cases. In cases of multiple recurrences, fecal microbiota transplantation is highly effective.

Preventive measures include isolation, handwashing, and cleaning with sporicidal disinfectants; optimization of antibiotic use has reduced the incidence of CDI. Clinical follow-up is crucial in the 48–72hours after the start of treatment and patient education on hygiene and the risk of recurrence is recommended.

Keywords
Clostridium difficile
Pseudomembranous colitis
Recurrence
Fecal microbiota transplantation

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