Vol. 14. Núm. 62.
Páginas 3826-3834 (Septiembre 2026)

Actualización
Deterioro cognitivo y demencia: hacia la detección precoz. Biomarcadores en líquido y pruebas neuropsicológicas digitales. Nuevos tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad e intervenciones digitales

Cognitive impairment and dementia: toward early detection. Biomarkers in body fluids and digital neuropsychological tests. New disease-modifying treatments and digital interventions

I. Nieto FernándezD.F. Febres PanezE. Espinosa GimenoA. Alises García-MoratoJ. Castillejo NúñezC. Rodríguez Román
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2026.09.002
Opciones
Resumen

El deterioro cognitivo y la demencia son síndromes neurológicos frecuentes en el envejecimiento, con un impacto creciente en la práctica clínica. Esta actualización revisa los principales avances en la detección y el abordaje del deterioro cognitivo, con especial atención a los biomarcadores y a las herramientas de evaluación cognitiva. Se describen los fundamentos biológicos de las demencias más prevalentes y el papel de los biomarcadores plasmáticos, destacando la tau fosforilada, especialmente p-tau217, junto con GFAP, Aβ42/40 y neurofilamento ligero, como apoyo al diagnóstico y la caracterización etiológica. Asimismo, se analizan las pruebas neuropsicológicas digitales, como el Digital Clock and Recall y el Digital Clock Drawing Test que permiten una evaluación objetiva y estandarizada de distintos dominios cognitivos. Se abordan también los tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad de Alzheimer actualmente disponibles y las principales intervenciones digitales empleadas en el deterioro cognitivo leve y la demencia.

Palabras clave
Deterioro cognitivo
Enfermedad de Alzheimer
Biomarcadores plasmáticos
Evaluación cognitiva digital
Terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad
Abstract

Cognitive impairment and dementia are common neurological syndromes associated with aging with a growing impact on clinical practice. This update reviews the main advances in the detection and management of cognitive impairment with a special focus on biomarkers and cognitive assessment tools. It describes the biological basis of the most prevalent forms of dementia and the role of plasma biomarkers, highlighting phosphorylated tau (particularly p-tau217) along with GFAP, Aβ42/40, and light neurofilament as aids in diagnosis and etiological characterization. It also analyzes digital neuropsychological tests, such as the Digital Clock and Recall and the Digital Clock Drawing Test, which allow for an objective and standardized assessment of various cognitive domains. The article also discusses currently available disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease and the main digital interventions used in mild cognitive impairment and dementia.

Keywords
Cognitive impairment
Alzheimer's disease
Plasma biomarkers
Digital cognitive assessment
Disease-modifying therapies

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